Transformation By Marry Shelley Essays - Romanticism, Mary Shelley

Transformation By Marry Shelley So you plant your own garden and decorate Your own soul, instead of waiting For someone to bring you flowers... (Unknown poet) The short story ? Transformation? by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley is a confession of a man, who experiences supernatural adventure that completely changes his personality. One of the most important themes of the story is the struggle of good and evil in a soul of a person. This theme is topical at all times. Every person has his own sins, and he is able to estimate them only if he manages to take a detached view of himself. Happiness of a person depends on weather he is able to fight against dark side of his soul or not. Love and selfless feelings help him in this fight. To convey this theme successfully the author uses the concept of doppelganger. It helps her to develop the character of Guido (the narrator), and to divide his good and bad features. She stresses the importance of what the character sees through his own eyes, how he perceives himself and others around him. In the beginning of the story the narrator characterizes himself as an extremely selfish, elate, careless person, who is not able to control his wild emotions and passions. He looses his father's money only because of that. More than that he is not able to keep the most important person of his life ? his innocent and fragile bride Juliet. Unfortunately, at the moment the narrator does not understand all his mistakes and just continues his wasteful life. Only at the edge of his life, when he is sure that he will die in a while ?I shall soon die here on these lonely sands, and the limbs he covets will be mine no more...? he meets this ugly malignant dwarf and finally realizes all his mistakes. The dwarf actually forces him to find the way out, he shows him all the ugliest sides of his soul and it makes the narrator revalue the meaning of his life. His beautiful appearance and gracefulness is not really important for him any more. He is ready to lay it down for a chance to keep his love. The theme of love is the central one in this story. For me it seems to be very complicated. I have a feeling that in the beginning of the story the narrator does not truly love Juliet. He easily leaves her in Genoa and goes traveling. He comes back in a while, but only because of his pride, he can not accept an idea that she might belong to someone else: ?Another will call her his! ? that smile of paradise will bless another!? His true feelings become clear to the reader only when he starts to fight the dwarf to save Juliet: ?to-morrow my bride was to pledge her vows to a fiend from hell! And I did this! ? my accursed pride ? my democratic violence and wicked self-idolatry had caused this act.? The real ?transformation? of the character begins at the same moment. Being infirm and helpless it is easier for Guido to ?transform? into a better person. At the darkest moment of his life he sees the dream that guides him to fight for his love: ? What did it mean? was my dream but a mirror of the truth? was he wooing and winning my betrothed? I would on the instant back to Genoa...? He is sure that he wants to destroy the fiend, but at the same time it is hard for him to accept an idea that he has to kill his own body. His fear disappears when he sees Juliet with this terrible man, who is nice and handsome outside, but cruel and ugly inside: ?Now I was no longer master of myself. I rushed forward ? I threw myself on him ? I tore him away...? Only true love made the character involve in this deadly action, and he is ready to loose his life for it. Guido wins this fight. Only at the very end of the story the narrator understands that this ugly dwarf is nothing but himself from the inside: ? knowing that him whom she reviled was my very self?. I think that Mary Shelley wants us to understand that a man's soul like the Moon has its two opposite sides ? the bright and the dark one. We all are to fight against our bad features during the life. This

New France essays

New France essays From the time Samuel de Champlain first stepped foot on Canadian soil to the Jesuits setting up permanent missionaries on the First Nations land, it was evident that the colonization of New France would not be easy. After many failed attempts at creating a settlement along the St. Lawrence River, it was only in 1701 when the Iroquois reached a peace agreement with the French, that allowed New France the opportunity to expand and flourish. The purpose of the young colony, if it succeeded, was to help make France rich and so mercantilism was enforced to insure all goods would only be available to the mother country as well as its colonies in the Caribbean. In order for this to work however, New France had to be self-sufficient and from there a new community was born. A Government designed to oversee the activity of New France was put in place by the Crown, and with the growth of settlement, the economic face of the colony began to change along with the social aspect which included the influence the Church had on the Canadians. All these factors came into play to create New France, a new distinct community, very different from what Old France had in mind when they first sent explorers down the St. Lawrence. With Louis XIV on the throne of France, an absolute monarchy was created where all authority would come from him. New France was then declared a royal province and under his control. Jean-Baptiste Colbert was appointed the title: Minister of Marines, and below him in order of power came The Governor, The Intendant, The bishop and the appointed councillors, all of whom made up the Sovereign Council Under Colberts supervision the seigneurial system was adopted to control land titles among the settlers. Two distinct groups emerged from this system: The Seigneurs, mostly made up of nobles and religious bodies, and The Censitaires, who were known as peasant settlers. The seigneurs had rights over the soil, howev...

BB1751 Quantitative Methods Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

BB1751 Quantitative Methods - Research Paper Example The results have been tabulated and compared to show comparisons between the restaurants, their sizes, sales, types, employees, etc. Results are expressed in thousands of pounds. The survey results represent 279 completed self-reporting mail surveys. The respondents were asked to quantify various specific restaurant facts. Most surveys were filled out completely while some were partially completed. When tabulated the blank entries were recorded as "no response". The respondents were asked to relate the general business outlook on a 1 - 7 scale where 1 represents very unfavourable and 7 represents very favourable. The following pie chart helps explain the results: The chart helps report the following results of the general business outlook: 14% reported very unfavourable, 14% reported less favourable, 24% reported unfavourable, 26% reported favourable, 18% reported more favourable, 3% most favourable, 1% very favourable, and 0% no response. The majority of respondents reported the general business outlook as favourable. The majority (51%) of businesses reported that they were small with less than ten employees. Medium size businesses made up of 10 to 20 employees were of 24% of the total. Large businesses, those with 20 or more employees were (21%) of the total. 5% of the respondents reported no size. Total sales for small businesses... rket value for all businesses in the sector was measured at 83788 with a high of 12000 for one business and an average market value of 349.12 for all businesses. The total cost of goods sold measured 12.6% of total sales and wages measured 7% of total sales. The total spent on advertising within the sector was 2726. Respondents reported that of the restaurants in the sector 53% were fast food, 33% were Business Dinner/Lunch, 10% were Private Dinner/Lunch, and 4% left that question blank. The total seating capacity reported within the sector were 19173 seats with the average being 72 seats and the highest being 550 seats. Restaurants within the sector are sole ownership (38%), partnership (9%), or company owned (48%). 5% of the respondents left the question blank. The following chart gives the percentage breakdown: The Average number of fulltime employees per business is 11 and the average number of part-time employees if 13. The majority (51%) of businesses reported that they were small with less than ten employees. Medium size businesses made up of 10 to 20 employees were of 24% of the total. Large businesses, those with 20 or more employees were (21%) of the total. 5% of the respondents reported no size. Total sales for small businesses were reported as 18927, medium 17494, and large 45822. Average sales per small business were reported as 145.59, medium business 291.57, and large business 848.56. Large businesses made more overall, with small businesses next and medium business sales falling about 1500 behind the small businesses. The averages followed the small, medium, large pattern. The business outlook based upon restaurant type was pretty much the same with the average scores between 3.3 and 3.4. That represents a reporting between

Weekly progress report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Weekly progress report - Coursework Example government through wired technologies that have been replaced by mobile technologies because of easy availability and large penetration and acceptance. I also read the article titled Principles of Public Administration written by Jeong C. and Nawi F. (2007) on Tuesday and Wednesday, three hours each day, to understand the role of information communication technologies enhancing the efficiency of government’s information. I also read the article titled M-Commerce: Technologies, services, and business models written by Sadeh (2002), stating mobile government is the strategic and advanced use of government services through mobile and cellular devices, on Wednesday and Thursday, three hours each day. The research conducted by Caroll (2005), titled Risky Business: Will Citizens Accept M-government in the Long Term, stated that unless the government understands the needs and requirements of citizens, long term value cannot be achieved. In the upcoming week, I will gain deep understanding over research methods and designs by following the book Research Methods for Business Students written by Saunders et al (2007). Based on the reading and personal idea, I will be formulating strategies for collecting primary data along with identifying samples for the research process. I will be reading chapter 4 based on understanding research philosophies and approaches on Saturday and Sunday for three hours each day; chapter 5 based on formulating research design, chapter 7 titled Collecting Samples, and chapter 11 based on collecting primary data through questionnaires on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday respectively for four hours each day. It will help me in forming a profound understanding over sampling and data collection methods. I will preferably use snow ball sampling method as it allows identifying few numbers of respondents and seeking further references for them. This strategy will be used to identify samples for the su rvey purpose. I will also design questionnaires for

Business Law Core Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business Law Core - Case Study Example This can be enumerated as follows:- 1. Agreement: - the first essential element of partnership is agreement. It is a relation between persons who have agreed to share profits. There can be no partnership without an agreement. Therefore the relation of partnership arises from contract and not from status. 2. Business: - The second essential element of partnership is "business" because without business there can be no partnership. Business includes every trade, occupation and profession. It is not necessary that the business should be of long standing and permanent. A single commercial transaction may constitute a business (Abenneim (1913) 109 LT 219, 220). According to Lindley (Lindley on partnership, fourteenth Edition. P.116) if the persons are not already partners, share profits and losses of a particular transaction, they may be partners for the said particular transaction. 3. Sharing of profits: - Another essential element of partnership is sharing of profits of a business. If two or more persons agree to carry on a business but their objective or motive is not to share profits, it shall not constitute a partnership. Thus sharing of profits or participation in profits of a business is one of the important essential elements of partnership. Prior to 1860 this essential element was considered so much important that if two or more persons agreed to carry out a business with the objective of sharing profits, it was considered to be decisive of constituting a partnership between them. In 1860 the decision in Cot v. Hick man (1860) 8 HLC 268) brought about a revolutionary change in this respect. Delivering the judgment Lord Cranworth of the House of Lords said that sharing of profits is good evidence that the business in which profits have been incurred is being carried on behalf of the persons who are sharing profits. In other words, sharing of profits is prima facie evidence of partnership. But the decisive test is mutual agency. The real basis of liability is that the business is being carried on behalf of the persons sharing profits. 4. Manual agency: - if two or more persons agree to carry on a business to share profits, it is still possible that the partnership may not come into in order to constitute a partnership in addition to the above noted three elements, the case of Cox v. Hickman (supra) deserves a special mention in this connection. Lord justice Lindley defined company as "an association of many persons who contribute money or money's worth to a common stock and employ it for a common purpose (Dr. N. C. Paranjape, company law, 2002). In undertaking the operations of the hotel and restaurant, both parties need to form ad incorporate the company either by special statute or by registration under the companies Act for the time being in force. Further the company many also be incorporated by Royal charter which is perhaps the oldest mode of incorporation. Therefore the means that it means that if David and Angela decide to run their business as a company then their property will be the partnership it is appropriate as their property will continue to be theirs and they will only share profits and losses of the company. There are several disadvantages and advantages of using partnership over a company in the prevailing case of David and Angela. These can

Social And Cultural Impacts On The Environment Tourism Essay

Social And Cultural Impacts On The Environment Tourism Essay The Tourism Industry is regarded as one of the most important and fastest growing industry around the world. Travel has been of great interest to people since the beginning of the civilization. Recently, it has been noted that there has been an increase in tourists arrivals, especially in small island states. According to UNWTO, tourism will continue to grow in 2011. Tourism sector has suffered from the global financial crisis in 2008 and 2009, but thanks to the improved economic conditions worldwide, international tourism has been able to recover from the decline brought in the financial crisis. (United Nations, 2010). The travel and tourism industry is one of the largest and most dynamic industries in the world and this industry is expected to generate about 9% of global GDP and provide for more than 235 million jobs representing 8 % of global employment (Merco Press, 2010).The WTO has set up the long-term forecast of the assessment of the development of tourism up to the first 20 years of the new millennium known as the Tourism 2020 vision.UNWTOs Tourism 2020 vision predicts that international arrivals are expected to reach over 1.56 billion by the year 2020. Of these worldwide arrivals in 2020, 1.2 will be intraregional and 0.4 will be long-haul travelers. The top three receiving regions will be Europe with 717 million tourists, East Asia and the Pacific around 397 million and the Americas with 282 million, followed by the Africa, Middle East and South Asia (UNWTO, 2011). As such, the tourist will continue to be a flourishing industry in the coming years. Tourism has been described as the smokeless industry that can bring that can bring maximum benefit to a community as compared to other economic activities. Tourism has been viewed as a means of improving a community as a better place to live and generating economic benefits. 2.1 Tourism impacts There are many academic researchers that have been done on the impacts of tourism. Many local communities believe that tourism can stimulate change in social, cultural, environmental and economic dimensions where tourism activities have had a close connection with the local communities (Beeton, 2006;Richards Hall, 2000).It is important to understand and assess tourism impacts so as to maintain sustainability and the long-term success of the tourism industry (Diedrich Garcia-Buades, 2008). Tourism is also regarded to as the worlds largest industry and regarded as a means of achieving community development (Sharpley, 2002). As such, it becomes imperative to understand tourism impacts towards the community. Below is a diagram illustrating tourism impacts on the community. Perceived Negative Impacts of Tourism Personal Benefit from Tourism Resident Characteristics Support for Additional Tourism Community Tourism Dependence Perceived Positive Impacts of Tourism Support for Tourism Planning Source: Adapted from Perdue, Long and Allen 1990, p.589 In the twenty-first century, researchers on tourism points out a range of both positive and negative impacts on the host community as a result of tourism development. (Fredline and Faulkner, 2000; Upchurch and Teivane, 2000). Several studies have been conducted that explain the impacts of tourism on the environment, economy, society and culture. Researches done on the impacts of tourism on the society are wide and varied. For example, as Ryan (1991) states that the greatest impacts of tourism will occur when there is a greater gap between the culture and income level of both host and tourist. Locals perceptions towards the tourism impacts can vary significantly. According to Sharma (2004), if residents have more positive attititudes towards tourism impacts, tourism development will be more successful in a community. If residents benefit from tourism development they support additional tourism planning and development in a community. By understanding the residents perceptions, can help to access support for continued tourism development through community capacity building. Gursoy Rutherford (2004) outlines that tourism developers need to consider the perceptions and attitudes of residents before investing in scarce resources. In addition, understanding of residents perceptions towards tourism impacts can also help in identifying the types of tourism which have the potential for building community capacity (Moscardo, 2008, p.86). On the other hand, various studies show that people who have an economic benefit from tourism perceive more positive impact from it (Chon, 2000). Economic impacts In the beginning, tourism was encouraged because of its economic impacts. It is highly accepted that tourism provides economic benefits to the community. The economic impacts of tourism are the most widely researched impacts of tourism on community (Mason, 2003).Economic impacts are easier to research in a local community because it is small and generally it is more accessible. Moreover, tourism can have positive benefits on local economies and a visible impact on national GDP growth which can be an essential component for community development and poverty reduction. (Ashe, 2005). For instance, tourism creates employment for locals, investment opportunities, business opportunities, tax revenues for government and it also help small and medium enterprises for countries, regions and communities to expand (Ryan ,1998; Choi Sirakaya, 2005; Dyer,2007) but on the other hand tourism can have negative economic impacts on the society such as : too much dependency on foreign capital, inflatio n , leakages and a low education trap for locals (Giannoni Maupertus, 2007). Yet, more important is the benefits spread to the residents of local communities (Scheyvens, 2001).The economic impacts of tourism are therefore, generally perceived positively by the residents (Tatoglu et al; 2000).For the development of tourism to occur, environment, societies and cultures at the destination has paid a heavy price. The main concern is not only the development but to tackle the challenges posed by the development (Chaudhary, 2007). Social and cultural impacts According to law (1993,pp.135-164), culture and society are in a state of constant change because of many factors, notably the rapid progress in communications and social interactions that can extend rapidly over vast distances. Social impacts refer to changes in the lives of people who live in destination communities and these impacts are mostly associated with residents and tourists. On the hand, cultural impacts refer to changes in the arts, artifacts, customs, rituals and architecture of a people and are longer term changes resulting from tourism development than other types of development. Social and cultural impacts refer to changes to residents everyday experiences as well as to their values, way of life and intellectual and artistic products. Social and cultural impacts are strongly interrelated and not limited only to the host area population (Glasson, 1995, p.34).In many destinations, the nature and traditional meanings of culture may be substantially changed when culture i s redefined as market share (Earrington and Gewertz, 1996). Because of this, a host community may face cultural problems of the commercialization of culture, religion and the arts together with the misuse of indigeneous culture as attractions and be forced to adopt cultural habits of the tourists, such as their language, dress and manner to satisfy visitors (Cohen, 1979).Another downside of tourism development is seen in many parts of the world where tourism developments threaten the displacement of local people. On the other hand, Glasson (1995, p.35-36) argues that along with the downside of development, there are cultural benefits and intercultural communication between hosts and visitors that increase good understanding between them. Without tourists, local culture and tradition may have been lost completely, as there is no market for traditional products. Environmental impacts Environmental impacts occur as a result of tourism development in many regions of the world as communities struggle to find an optimal balance between optimal and conservation. Recently,it has been found that tourism activities are highly dependent on the environment. Research has shown the impacts that tourism has on natural resources (Green, Hunter and Moore, 2000).Most of the researchers have been conducted on natural or semi-natural areas, with very little research done on urban settings (Green, 1990).Specific sites have been examined such as Alpine areas (Goodman, 1987;Rodriguez, 1987), islands (Wilkinson, 1989), coastal areas (Martinez-Taberner, Moya and Forteza, 1990). In addition, most research has been focused around the negative impacts that tourism has on natural resources after the damage has taken place.As such, tourism is always blamed to be responsible for resource degradation (Farell and McLellan, 1987).On the other hand, there are also positive impacts of tourism ass ociated with the environment. 2.2 The Environmental Impacts of Tourism The environment is probably one of the most important contributors to the desirability and attractiveness of a destination. Scenic sites, amenable climates and unique landscape features have an important influence in tourism development and the spatial distribution of tourism movement. (Coccossis and Nijkamp, 1995, p.4) Tourism and the environment are interrelated as tourism is dependent on natural resources to survive. There are studies that have identified both the positive and negative environmental impacts of tourism (Burns Holden, 1995; Puckzo Ratz, 2000). Table 1 can better illustrate both the positive and negative impacts of tourism in a destination area. Table 1 Balance sheet of environmental impacts of tourism Area of effect Negative impacts Positive impacts Biodiversity Disruption of breeding/feeding patterns Killing of animals for leisure (hunting) or to supply souvenir trade. Loss of habitats and change in species composition Destruction of vegetation Encouragement to conserve animals as attractions. Establishment of protected or conserved areas to meet tourist demands Erosion and physical damage Soil erosion Damage to sites through trampling Overloading of key infrastructure (e.g. water supply networks) Tourism revenue to finance ground repair and site restoration Improvement to infrastructure prompted by tourist demand Pollution Water pollution through sewage or fuel spillage and rubbish from pleasure boats Air pollution (e.g. vehicle emissions) Noise pollution (e.g. from vehicles or tourist attractions: bars, discos, etc.) Littering Cleaning programmes to protect the attractiveness of location to tourists Resource base Depletion of ground and surface water Diversion of water supply to meet tourist needs (e.g. golf courses or pools) Depletion of local fuel sources Depletion of local building-material sources Development of new/improved sources of supply Visual/structural change Land transfers to tourism (e.g. from farming) Detrimental visual impact on natural and non-natural landscapes through tourism development Introduction of new architectural styles Changes in (urban) functions Physical expansion of built-up areas Regeneration and/or modernisation of built environment Reuse of disused buildings Source: Adapted from Hunter and Green (1990) For the negative impacts of tourism, Puckzo and Ratz (2000) observed that tourism development that are not well-planned often leads to increased stress on destinations and in negative changes in the destinations physical and socio cultural attributes. According to Wood (1991), it is possible to identify broad categories of impacts that may affect all destinations. Water pollution is believed to be one of the environmental impacts caused by tourism. It can affect surfaces such as rivers, lakes and oceans. Chemical and oils spills from boats can cause devastating water pollution that kills water birds, shellfish and other wildlife. Tourists can also contribute to the degradation of the marine life also through:snorkelling,scuba diving and sport fishing can threaten fisheries and other marine resources. For example, tourism is known to have contributed to inappropriate development around Lake Tahoe in the United States (Iverson, Sheppard Strain, 1993) and at Pattaya in Thailand (Mieczk owski, 1995); oil pollution in water at King George island (Harris, 1991); habitat loss, fragmentation and erosion in Nepal (Croall, 1995); destruction of wildlife at Zakynthos in Greece (Prunier, Sweeney Gree, 1993); disturbance of animals and loss of area for production in Kenya (Sindiga Kannunah, 1999). Apart from the consumption of large amounts of natural resources, the tourism industry also produces considerable waste and pollution. In fact, disposal of liquid and solid waste generated by the tourism industry has posed a problem for many developing countries and some countries are incapable of treating these waste materials. This has led to reducing the availability of natural resources such as fresh water. For example, in Kerala state the tourist industry collapses after two decades of fast growth because there was inadequate disposal of solid waste. Tourists also contribute to land pollution from solid waste and the contamination of marine waters and coastal areas from pollution generated by marinas, hotels and cruise ships. Moreover, the tourist industry uses high level of energy consumption in hotels including: air-conditioning, heating and cooking as well as transportation which can cause air pollution in many host countries. Air and noise pollution as well congestions are likely to result from tourist development. Tourism activities which are not properly controlled can also cause severe disruption of wildlife habitats and increased pressure on endangered species. For example, in Africas national parks tourists vehicles approach wild animals and very often distract them from hunting and breeding, in the carribean sea there are even boat crews that pursue whales and dolphins and as such discourage petting which tends to disturb the animals feeding and behaviour (Masny,2001). In addition, tourism also leads to the clearance of native vegetation for the development of new facilities, new infrastructure and tourist development. There is an increase in demand for fuelwood and even forest fires. This results not only in the destruction of local habitats and ecosystems but also in the processes of erosion and landslide. Fragile areas such as: forests, wet lands and mangroves are also threatened by tourism activities. On the other side, tourism contributes to the positive benefits of the environment. Doswell (1997) argues that tourism lays emphasis to conserve and protect the environment. Tourism also draws attention to subjects regarding biodiversity, endangered species and human impacts on the environment. Tourism is also used as a means to preserve natural areas rather than to develop them for alternative uses such as: agriculture, forestry and mining (Master, 1998). Tourism can contribute to the conservation of sensitive areas and habitat. For example, in Ghana tourism has helped in maintaining the natural reserves. Tourists can help towards environmental protection, conservation and biological diversity and sustainable use of natural resources. In this way, natural areas become valuable and this can lead to creation of national parks and wildlife parks.Revenue received from park-entrance fees can be allocated to pay for the protection and management of sensitive areas. On the hand, in some pl aces government collect money from tourists in indirect ways. For example: user tax, sales or recreation of rental equipment and license fees for hunting and fishing can provide government with the proper fund needed to manage natural resources and to finance infrastructure. Tourism encourages cleaning programmes , and this reduces the damaging Another change that can affect tourism is climate change. Climate impact is considered as the consequences of climate change on natural and human systems (IPCC, 2001). Climate impacts can be for example: the primary productivity of an ecosystem, snow cover depth. For example, a Bigano (2006) stimulates the effects of development and climate change on tourism. Climate change could negatively affect countries and regions that depend heavily on tourism. 2.3 Residents perceptions towards tourism For the long-term success of the tourism industry, it is imperative to understand and assess residents attitudes towards the impact of tourism development (Ap,1992; Ritchie and Inkari, 2006). Sustainable tourism development can be achieved normally when all stakeholders are involved in the process (Bryd, 2007). Sustainable tourism believes that the community is the focal point of tourism and planning process (Choi and Sirakaya, 2005).In addition, investigating the residents perceptions towards tourism is important because it influence their behaviour towards tourism (Andriotis and Vaughan, 2003). Studies show that the perceptions of residents towards tourism differ toward tourism development. Sustainable tourism development largely depends on the hosts acceptability of tourists and tourism-related programs, offerings and activities by locals (Musa, Hall, and Higham 2004). The active support of the local population is required for tourism development to occur in a community. One indic ator that affects tourism development in a destination is the host attitude (Lepp, 2007). In a destination area, the attitudes of the tourists and residents are taken into account. Another factor that is likely to influence the negative and positive impacts of tourists destination is residents attachment to community. Some researchers, Canan and Hennessy (1989) states that the longer the residents live in a community, the more negative they are towards tourism development. The lengths of residency of locals have a direct impact on tourism development. There are several studies that have been conducted to explain the residents perceptions towards tourism impacts and how far residents support tourism development in a community. Theories such as the attribution theory (Pearce, 1989); dependency theory (Preister, 2008), the social representation theory (Andriotis Vaughan, 2003), Butlers (1980) tourist area life cycle, Doxeys Irridex model, the intrinsic and extrinsic framework (Faulkner Tideswell, 1997) and the social exchange theory (SET) (Ap, 1982) have been developed in an attempt to better understand the host perceptions towards tourism. However, it is the SET that have received the greatest attention by scholars attempting to study residents attitudes towards tourism and their support towards tourism development. (Gursoy Rutherford, 2004; Sirakaya, Teye , Sonmez, 2002). However there are also other popular theories such as:Butlers Area Life Cycle (1980, Doxeys Irritation Index, the extrinsic/intrinsic model (Faulkner and Tideswell 1997) which describe the host-tourist relation. 2.3.1Social Exchange Theory In a tourism context, social exchange theory would mean an exchange of resources between the tourists and the host population where each of the supply each other with valued resources (Ap, 1992, p.668). SET implies that residents who gain benefits from the tourism industry are likely to perceive the industry as positive and thus support tourist industry, while those who perceive themselves incurring costs because of tourism would display negative attitudes towards tourism thereby opposing such development. The SET theory is the most common type of theory used to assess tourism impacts in a particular destination. Social exchange theory firmly believes that a need exists to measure the level of active participation of residents in the planning and development process associated with tourism development (Wang Pister, 2008). In the tourism literature, several studies have been conducted and which explained the theory of residents perceptions and assessments of the costs and benefits of tourism and their support for tourism development. In simpler words, social exchange theory supports that residents calculate the costs and benefits of tourism development, and their effort for tourism development (Ap, 1992; Yoon 2001). As such residents become aware of the positive and negative impacts of tourism and can decide whether to support or not to support tourism development. Figure1: Factors affecting residents attitudes towards tourists EXTRINSIC DIMENSION INTRINSIC DIMENSION Period of Residence Mature State of Development Early Stage of Development Long Term Recent Arrival High Tourist Ratio Adapted Non- adapteddd Employment Lifestyle Choice Low Tourist Ratio Perception of Tourism + International Tourism Orientation Domestic Tourism Orientation No Yes Non-Tourism Zone Tourism Zone High Seasonality Low Seasonality Residential Proximity Involvement Source: Faulkner and Tideswell (1997) 2.3.2 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Model Numerous studies have identified the factors that affect residents perceptions .Such factors have been used in the tourism literature to describe tourism impacts (Jurowski Gursoy, 2004). These are intrinsic and extrinsic variables (Faulkner Tideswell, 1997, Fredline Faulkner, 2000, p.765). The intrinsic variables refer to the characteristics of the host community that affect the impacts of tourism with the host community (Faulkner Tideswell, 1997, p.6) and includes factors such as:employment, length of residence, proximity to tourist zones and involvement within the tourism industry. Length of residency affect tourism development in a community, native born of the community have been found to have more negative perception of tourism development because they are attached to that place (Madrigal, 1995). On the other hand, Bisle and Hoy (1980) found a positive relationship between distance of residence from the tourist zone and perceptions. As regards to community attachment, studie s showed that the longer a host has been a resident in the area; as such they become less attached to tourism (Weaver, 2001). Residents who are dependent and involved in the tourism sector are more likely to have positive attitudes towards tourism (Linderb, 1997). The intrinsic variable shows that the host community is not homogeneous but rather heterogeneous meaning that the perceptions of tourism differ among the residents (Andriotis Vaughan, 2003; Faulkner Tideswell, 1997; Fredline Faulkner, 2000). The extrinsic factors are the characteristics of a location with respect to its role as a tourist destination including the nature and stage of tourist activity and the types of tourists involved (Faulkner Tideswell, 1997, p.6).The extrinsic factors that are likely to influence host attitudes towards tourism is the stage of tourism development occurring in a destination (Andriotis Vaughan, 2003) as argued by Butler (1980) and Doxey (1975). The extrinsic factors are:seasonality, type of tourists, particular stage of development, the tourist guest-ratio (Doxey, 1973; butler, 1980; Ap, 1983).Seasonality affect a destination, during peak seasons there is high flow of tourists resulting in economic inflation, traffic congestion and this affect the residents way of lives on the other hand, residents who are dependent on tourism are likely to tolerate these disruptive conditions. (Rothman, 1978; Beliste, 1980; Sheldon, 1984).The type of tourists is another factor that affects residents pe rceptions of tourism. Some tourists are independent travellers while others depend on locals, they try adjust with locals they accept the hosts local conditions (Amir, 1985; Page 2003). In understanding residents perceptions towards tourism, the stage of development is considered among the most important factors. To better illustrate this issue, it was important to investigate Butlers Tourism Destination Lifecycle Model. 2.3.3 Butlers Area Life Cycle Another model in regard to the host-tourist destination is Butlers Area Lifecycle Model. Although that this model dates three decades, it is still academically recognized. Butler (1980) believes that tourist areas evolve and change over time. According to this evolution, the stages that tourist areas experience are: exploration, involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation, decline or rejuvenation. Using a life-cycle model, Butler describes the resident and tourist involvement in destination area. Unlike products, destinations have a lifecycle too. Figure 2 illustrates the lifecycle of a destination. ] Figure 2 Hypothetical Evolution of a Tourist Area (Adapted from Miller and Gallucci, 2004) Using a life-cycle model, Butler describes the resident and tourist involvement in destination area. Unlike products, destinations have a lifecycle too. Moreover, Butler has also explained why tourism leads to unsustainability. By using the example of the life-cycle model, he describes how a small group of tourists explore a natural attraction by involving local residents and making subsequent development of the area. With time, the number of tourists grows, eventually leading to mass tourism. And if the tourism products are not rejuvenated, stagnation occurs at the destination and there is a fall through over-consumption of tourism products which is beyond the carrying capacity of the destination. (including adverse effects on the environment)Butler also focuses that if there is no proper management and control, environment degradation is inevitable once carrying capacity has been reached and then exceeded making mass tourism unsustainable. As noted by Jamison (1999), at the stagnat ion stage, locals have begun to express some discontent with tourism and its effects. When a destination develops, unmet residents expectations and other negative impacts of development are also likely to result in changes and attitudes towards the industry. (Teye, Sonmez and Sirakaya , 2002). The TALC S-shaped curve has also been used to describe the host-guest dichotomy- from the excitement of the potential of tourism through to resentment of tourists, resulting from exceeding local social carrying capacity. However, certain limitations have been found in Butlers model. It has been pointed out that the model assumes a degree of homogeneity of community reactions (Mason and Cheyne, 2000), but Butler denies by saying a consistent evolution of tourist area can be conceptualized.Tosun (2002) suggests that this model applies to specific areas and not all areasbecause the cycle varies from one tourist area to another. 2.3.4 Doxeys Irritation Index Associated with Butlers life cycle theory is Doxeys Irritation Index or Irridex which describes the resident-tourist interaction and attitude. This model explains host community reaction to tourism development in a specific area. The model outlines that negative impacts of tourism development might make residents feel irritated as with time host and tourists become incompatible with each other. The model has four stages which vary from euphoria, apathy, annoyance and to antagonism. Although Doxeys (1975) irridex is regarded as one of the most influential theory has been starting from Euphoria to Antagonism, where the resident irritation increases through the stages 1 to 4. (1=low irritation,4=high level of irritation). One limitation of this theory and that of Butler also, is the assumption a community is heterogeneous. The study implies that is the whole community that becomes hostile to tourism, but very often different sections of the community have different reactions. It can be concluded that the Doxey Irritation Index is simple but it does indicate a factor in tourism development and by these social changes some residents will develop antagonistic attitudes towards tourism. 2.4 Residents perceptions towards tourism environmental impacts The environment is one of the main area in which residents assess the potential impacts of tourism before they decide to embrace or reject it. According to Kuvan and Akan (2005, p.703) residents are more sensitive and concerned for problems related to the environment than the other negative impacts of tourism. Following this, Liu, Sheldon, and Var (1987) reported that residents have high ratings for environmental impacts. According to Mieczkowski (1995, p.8) defines the natural environment as a combination of non-living things, that is, abiotic, physical components together with biological resources or the biosphere including flora and fauna. Kuvan and Akan (2005) describes scholars interests in investigating into community attitudes towards tourism impact on the natural environment at a time when ecological problems such as: pollution, depletion of natural resources and deforestation are increasing. This means that mountaineous areas, savannahs, wetlands, deserts, islands and the a rtic have biophysical characteristics that cause damage to the natural environment. These fragile areas when disturbed, normally have relatively slow rates of recovery (Harrison Price, 1996). The focus on environmental impacts emerged from residents perceived impacts of the environmental impacts and other tourism impacts such as economic and social impacts of tourism has lagged behind. (Kuvan Akan, 2005).Moreover, there is a lack of information on residents perceived environmental impacts of tourism in developing countries (Kuvan Akan , 2005; Madrgal, 1993). It is an agreed fact that tourism is believed to have a far more visible effect in rural areas and developing contries than urban areas and perhaps tourism has a greater effect on rural residents (Madrigal, 1993, p.337), studies related to residents perceptions of the environment has focused more on destinations, communities and regions in developed countries rather than on developing countries. Apart from this, Schluter and Var (1988) observed that there are some issues that are special to developing countries. Furthermore, a proper analysis of the residents perceived environmental impacts of tourism could help pla nners and tourism practitioners to identify real concerns and also to develop appropriate policies and actions. 2.5 Tourism development in Mauritius Mauritius was made first, and then heaven was copied from it (Mark Twain). Mauritius is among the top 20 beautiful islands of the world .Tourism is an important contributor to economic growth in Small Island developing States like Mauritius. The World Bank has mentioned Mauritius as an example for southern Africa of an economy that has attained remarkable success in its economic development (World Bank, 1992; Hwedi, 2001). This success as mentioned cannot be escaped from tourism development, given Mauritius as the choice of destination for European visitors (Prayag, 2009; Prayag Ryan, 2010).Mauritiuss tourism industry success can be measured by the fact that it makes the highest gross domestic product contribution (30 per cent) and receives the second highest yearly total budget allocation(16.1 per cent) of countries in

opium war Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Opium War was a war fought by two countries Great Britain and china in 1839. The war was fought over the drug opium which was used by the Chinese for hundreds of year to relieve pain. opium is a habit forming narcotic made from the poppy plant. In the late 1700’s the British was smuggling the drug into China for non-medical use. The navies of the two countries mostly fought the battles of the opium war at sea. Within three years the Chinese’s old ships were simply no matches for the brand new British ships. In 1843 the Chinese and the British signed the treaty of Nanjing. This treaty gave the British the island of Hong Kong. In 1844 the United States of America and other countries gained extraterritorial rights. Which this allowed other countries to trade in china and not live b...

Drug Problem in Russia

â€Å"Illicit drugs destroy innumerable individual lives and undermine our society†(Kofi Annan). The Peoples Republic of China believes that United Nations International Drug Control Program has to immediately attack the problem of drugs on the four fronts: the manufacture, trafficking, and the abuse of illegal drugs, and rehabilitation of addicts. China is a producer of precursor chemicals. The plant Ephedraplant that grows wild in north China can be turned into the precursor chemical ephedrine. The Peoples Republic also exports Potassium Permanganate. It can be legally exported, but is usually exported in bulk by kingpins to cocaine producing countries. Potassium Permanganate is a necessary ingredient in the production of cocaine. In 1998 300 tons of precursor chemicals were seized in China. The production of Methamphetamine is becoming a major problem. We produces limited amounts of opium for domestic consumption. The Peoples Republic monitors all 28-precursor chemicals listed in the 1988 UN Drug Convention. In 1998 there were 540,000 people addicted to drugs in China. The most common addictions were to heroin, opium, stimulates, and depressants. The majority of the problem is with our younger population. 80 percent of the addictions occur with those under the age 35. The Peoples Republic operates 600-drug treatment centers nation wide. These drug centers work on the â€Å"cold turkey† approach to break their drug habits. Illicit drug use was virtually eliminated in the Peoples Republic after a massive campaign launched by the central government in the early 1950s. In the early 1980s when the Peoples Republic ended its isolationism and opened up to the outside world drug trafficking and addiction revived. The death penalty can be handed down to criminals trafficking 10 grams of heroin and 15 years in jail for those caught with 50 grams of opium. The Chinese government has established a Counter Narcotics Bureau in the Ministry of Public Security to aid in anti-drug efforts. In February 1998 the government started a major drug education program aimed at preventing drug use. The Peoples Republic has provided support to the UN sponsored initiative that provides farmers in Burma and Laos seeds, fertilizer, and a constant market to sell their product. This initiative is to encourage Burma and Laos to switch from cultivating opium to producing cash crops and food grains. From what the Peoples Republic has documented, this program has significantly resulted in the decrease in poppy production in observed areas. China is a major transit route for Southeast Asian heroin destined for western markets. The Peoples Republic is located in the â€Å"Golden Triangle†, consisting of the countries Burma, Vietnam, and Laos. Burma's drug traffickers use the 2,000-kilometer border with the Peoples Republic. 90% of the heroin flowing into the Peoples Republic can be tracked back to Burma. Peoples Republic law prohibits the laundering of proceeds from drug trafficking, but banking and legal regulations are usually behind the fast paced progression of the traffickers. Hong Kong, a major Asian financial center, is extremely vulnerable to the use of its banking and financing systems for laundering of drug money. To solve this problem the Peoples Republic suggests that the first step in solving the drug problem is that there needs dialogue with governments. The only lasting progress that can be made to fight drug abuse and trafficking depends on strong commitment to the cause on both regional and worldwide levels. The main key to prevent demand is education. Education has worked for China on the Yunnan province where children in the junior secondary level (age 11-13) conduct educational talks about drugs and do activities. To reinforce the education they bombard the media with public service announcements, documentary dramas featuring real cases of drug addicts for broadcasting during prime time on local television. The second front is the supply of the drugs to the consumers. The main solution is crop substitution. The basis of crop substitution is that the government provides the tools, the seeds, and some fertilizer. Then the government has to provide a market place that they can sell their goods. The main reason this will work that the producers will now be making money off of legitimate cash crops instead of narcotics. The third problem is the trafficking of drugs across many countries borders. The way to solve the problem is to go directly to the source and never let the drugs leave the country. The way to do this is to set up an international task force on drug suppression. With the availability of the internet governments can link information quickly to suppress trafficking. Then governments can collaborate on control missions to stop the drugs from leaving the source countries. The third problem is treatment and rehabilitation. This is less of a worldwide problem then it is a national one. Following what The Peoples Republic has done, the countries of the world could set up national clinics for detoxification and removal of their chemical dependencies. China has 600 clinics suggesting that larger countries have more and smaller countries have fewer centers. The distinguished country of the Netherlands feels that drugs are not the consumer's fault, but the traffickers so they try to prosecute the traffickers. Contrary to their logic drugs are everyone's problems and should be dealt with that way. The distinguished country of Saudi Arabia has a zero tolerance for drugs. The mentally deficient thinking on his or her part that not everyone is entitled to a fair trial is also bad logic. The Peoples Republic allows all the accused to have a trial and China suggests that the world keep this mandate and not just run off and kill some people. The drug phenomenon is a unique problem in the way it plagues out society. It endangers the heath of individuals, political and economical development, and the safety and security of the government. Narcotics are one of the major problems plaguing the world today. This problem must be combated now and with full cooperation of all governments of the world if anyone ever wants to control the drug problem.

buy custom Riordan Manufacturing essay

buy custom Riordan Manufacturing essay Riordan Manufacturing, Inc. is a firm leader in the field of plastic inoculation molding. With condition-of-the art design functionalities, they generate innovative plastic designs that have gained international acclaim. The following are the network security functions required in the Riordan inventory and manufacturing systems. The first concern is that the industry has incomplete network documentation. The available network topology does not illustrate component location of the switches, routers, hubs, clients and servers. Furthermore, no computer node and port identification; in addition, there are no network security procedures and policies in place. Within Riordan Manufacturing Inc.s network security preparation is the network safety measures plan for Inventory and Manufacturing Systems (IMS). Particularly, this plans intention is ensure the integrity and quality of IMS data all through the IMS process, from inserting the order for unprocessed materials, receiving of the raw res ources, warehousing and enactment of raw materials, manufacturing and assemblage, packaging, back to store and, lastly shipping. Network security plans characteristically include the following, Firewall, VPN, Traffic shaping, Antivirus, Intrusion prevention system (IPS), Antispyware. The network security necessary functions are twofold, Internal and External transversely multiple applications and procedures as well as several locations throughout the surrounding. After a careful team review of current network security at Riordan Manufacturing Inc., deliberation was given to a complete system, refurbish, but was decided besides the enormousness of such a responsibility was beyond the extent of the Service Request. Riordan Manufacturing should spend in putting into place an automated structure for handling the inventory and manufacturing processes. Conclusion Most of these security requirements are addressed by the accessible system. However, with the accumulation t of RFID there are fresh security concerns consequential from the wireless nature or the invention such as RFID in Manufacturing, 2004. As a result, security practices such as data protection, authentication, and authorization need to be fully implemented for proper access management of the system. The above concerns need to be implemented to address the necessary network in security of the company. Buy custom Riordan Manufacturing essay buy custom Riordan Manufacturing essay It is clear that firms should improve on their systems thus improving on manufacturing and inventory processes. Some of the changes, which are vital for an enacted to achieve this, include upgrading current systems as increased utilization of computer systems for firms to be more efficient. For Riordan Manufacturing, the need of using computerized systems in data entry is a matter of urgency in all its braches such as San Jose, Michigan, Georgia and China. Currently, the firm uses different system in the branches, thus becoming hard to consolidate manufacturing and inventory information. Further, it is hard to euthanatize inventories from external facilites resulting to lack of continuity thus increased costs and time consumption. Business requirements definition for system upgrades For Riordan Manufacturing, manufacturing and inventory system upgrade is based on three major options. They include the virtualBox from Sun Microsystems, VirtualBOS: Business Operating Systems and Microsoft Office Accounting Express. In upgrading the system, Riordan Manufacturing may use the existing or acquire new equipments for the purpose .By using the existing hardware to upgrade the system; Riordan Manufacturing will be able to cut on cost hence better performance on all its branches. It is vital come up with time implementattion deadline by use of Gantt chart for managing the projects, software and hardware installations, assessments, software support and user training. By selecting one of the present actions, based on cost and time effectiveness among other notable aspects, the firm will be able to carry out the inventory and manufacturing upgrade within the stipulated duration by selected team. Conclusion From above information, it is clear that Riordan Manufacturing can adopt any of the above actions for system upgrade. By doping this, the firm will reduce on operation cost and meet the set deadlines in all its branches across the globe. Buy custom Riordan Manufacturing essay

Dance Critique Research Paper Example

Dance Critique Research Paper Example Dance Critique Paper Dance Critique Paper Each dance performers piece is different. Some tell stories and paint pictures, while other are for entertainment. As I watched the performances of each male and female dancer I analyzed each aspect of the dance. This included music, technique, attire, as well as many other important aspects. One piece that stood out to me was the Contemporary piece performed by G. D. Harris. This dance was performed with African Tribe music. Also the male dancer word e a feathery African inspired bottom. The movements throughout the dance were graceful UT distinct. I observed this from the very strong emphasis of shoulder movements. The m USIA was pretty fair rhythmic tempo, not too fast or slow. As I watched the excerpt of this dance I realize the movements were to port ay a bird. One reason being the way the male performer walked on stage. Another example is to how the dancer placed his arms. This piece very much reminded me Of a ostrich wand erring an area during African time. In my opinion the choreographers were successful in communicating their into .NET. The dance attire went very well with the music. The layout from clothing to music and movement painted a very vivid picture as to what is being told. One big strength to me w loud have to be the distinct incorporation of ostrich movements. My overall critique would have to be a positive response. I would encourage o there to watch this piece. It was boring and stale but still painted the image as intended d. All of the props such as music,clothing, and movements went along well together. Would De finitely watch more performance pieces from this choreographer.

History - The Palaeolithic Period, Barbarians, Stonehenge Assignment

History - The Palaeolithic Period, Barbarians, Stonehenge - Assignment Example The only art we can see from this period are the pieces that stood the test of time – to survive, according to the author, art has to have a) been made of metal or stone b) needs to have a climate that is not destructive to the works of art c) had to exist in a relatively complex society and d) had to have been produced bya society with a tendency to â€Å"cache their art† in places that are hard to access (352). The Palaeolithic cave paintings of France meet a few of these requirements – they are made on a stone surface, so will not degrade, are in caves, which provide protection from both the elements and people who may destroy the work. The Neolithic Stonehenge is made of stone, and had a complex enough society to create monumental architecture, both of which helped it survive. Works of every-day material such as wood are unlikely to survive, which eliminates our ability to understand the small scale art that every day people made in their spare time, and prob ably increases the quality of art that we know of. Question 2 Seeking to protect the empire from the ravishing of barbarian hordes, as well as allow for a change in focus and religion in the Roman Empire, the Emperor Constantine moved the capital of the Empire from Rome to the city of Constantinople, which was constructed purely for this purpose (378). This shift coincided with an edict allowing Christianity to be freely practiced in the Roman empire, which later would be followed by edicts making Christianity the sole religion of the Roman Empire. To better aid management of this massive empire, it was split into two different ones, the Western, based in Rome, and the Eastern, based in Constantinople, which would have immense affects on art and culture. The two empires grew culturally distinct, with the east speaking Greek instead of Latin, and religious divisions followed, creating the Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox religious respectively. Art in the Western Half tended to foll ow traditionally Roman precedents, like St. Peter’s basilica which is styled after a Roman forum, whereas art in the East developed a novel Greek style. As the western half of the empire fell, the art in that region was predominated by the Northern Germanic animal style, which eventually combined with Christianity to inform Carolingian art, named after Charlemagne, one of the most famous Frankish kings (385). Following this style of art, Romanesque art developed, which was a conscious look back on and imitation of older Roman forms. This form was followed by Gothic, which featured a number of architectural advancements (such as thinner walls and flying buttresses) which allowed for the building of light, airy buildings without thick walls and substantial pillaring, as demonstrated by Notre Dame de Paris (389). Question Three Cultures use monumental art as a way of expressing their power, their religion and the will of their people. When comparing Stonehenge with the Colloseum , it becomes apparent that though these works differ significantly in artistic principles and primary purpose, they both fulfill the same roles as works of monumental architecture. Stonehenge was created in the Neolithic period by a pagan people who probably cared deeply about the passing of the stars. It works as a form of monumental calendar, and probably had significant religious intent (354). It consists of a series of state lines, arranged in concentric circles –

Impact of Standardized terminologies Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Impact of Standardized terminologies - Coursework Example According to (Nolan 2004), NIC is a common terminology with practicing and research nurses. It is a broad, research-based, standardized classification of care-interventions that clinical nurses perform (Nolan 2004). It is important for all-setting clinical communication, documentation, productivity measurement, and integration of data across systems and settings, competency evaluation, effectiveness research, curricular design and reimbursement (Clark & Lang 1992).As a practicing nurse, the Implementation of NIC would have varied and diverse impacts on my nursing practice (Nolan 2004). First, apart from the better communication between other health providers and me, NIC would provide me with an increased visibility and clear view of nursing interventions (Nolan 2004). Second, due to increased enlightenment in nursing interventions I would have improved patient care in my capacity. Third, a practicing nurse with knowledge in nursing informatics, NIC will enhance my data collection abilities and the capabilities to evaluate nursing care outcomes (Nolan 2004). Fourth, I believe NIC will support me in gaining greater adherence to the nursing standards of care (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2015). Five, because competency is very vital in every occupational field, particularly nursing occupation, NIC will facilitate assessment of my nursing competency (Nolan 2004). As a result of these impacts, I will develop a greater experience, knowledge and nursing wisdom that will eventually enhance my nursing